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What Animals Are Told To Why Are The Land Animals Not Included In This

Written By Thursday, June 30, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Kingdom of living things

Animals

Temporal range: Cryogenian – present,

665–0 Ma

Pha.

Proterozoic

Archean

Had'n

Echinoderm Cnidaria Bivalve Tardigrade Crustacean Arachnid Sponge Insect Mammal Bryozoa Acanthocephala Flatworm Cephalopod Annelid Tunicate Fish Bird Phoronida

Animal diversity.png

About this image

Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Amorphea
(unranked): Obazoa
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked): Holozoa
(unranked): Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758
Major divisions

see text

Synonyms
  • Metazoa
  • Choanoblastaea
  • Gastrobionta
  • Zooaea
  • Euanimalia
  • Animalae

Animals (besides chosen Metazoa) are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and become through an ontogenetic phase in which their trunk consists of a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic evolution. Over 1.five million living animal species take been described—of which around i million are insects—merely it has been estimated in that location are over vii one thousand thousand brute species in full. Animals range in length from eight.5 micrometres (0.00033 in) to 33.six metres (110 ft). They accept complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology.

Most living creature species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric trunk plan. The Bilateria include the protostomes, containing animals such as nematodes, arthropods, flatworms, annelids and molluscs, and the deuterostomes, containing the echinoderms and the chordates, the latter including the vertebrates. Life forms interpreted equally early animals were present in the Ediacaran biota of the late Precambrian. Many mod creature phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, which began around 539 million years ago. 6,331 groups of genes mutual to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a unmarried common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago.

Historically, Aristotle divided animals into those with blood and those without. Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical biological classification for animals in 1758 with his Systema Naturae, which Jean-Baptiste Lamarck expanded into 14 phyla past 1809. In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the beast kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa (at present synonymous for Animalia) and the Protozoa, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, which are effective at demonstrating the evolutionary relationships betwixt taxa.

Humans make use of many animal species, such as for food (including meat, milk, and eggs), for materials (such as leather and wool), as pets, and as working animals including for send. Dogs have been used in hunting, as have birds of prey, while many terrestrial and aquatic animals were hunted for sports. Nonhuman animals accept appeared in art from the earliest times and are featured in mythology and religion.

Etymology

The discussion fauna comes from the Latin animalis , pregnant 'having breath', 'having soul' or 'living beingness'.[one] The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia.[ii] In colloquial usage, the term creature is often used to refer simply to nonhuman animals.[3] [4] [v] [vi]

Characteristics

Animals are unique in having the ball of cells of the early embryo (one) develop into a hollow ball or blastula (2).

Animals have several characteristics that set them autonomously from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular.[7] [8] Unlike plants and algae, which produce their own nutrients,[ix] animals are heterotrophic,[viii] [ten] feeding on organic material and digesting information technology internally.[11] With very few exceptions, (example; Henneguya zschokkei [12]) animals respire aerobically.[13] All animals are motile[14] (able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at to the lowest degree office of their life bike, simply some animals, such every bit sponges, corals, mussels, and barnacles, later on become sessile. The blastula is a stage in embryonic development that is unique to animals,[15] (though it has been lost in some) allowing cells to be differentiated into specialised tissues and organs.

Structure

All animals are equanimous of cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins.[16] During evolution, the beast extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells tin move about and be reorganised, making the germination of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such as shells, bones, and spicules.[17] In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and fungi) are held in identify by cell walls, and then develop by progressive growth.[xviii] Animal cells uniquely possess the cell junctions called tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.[19]

With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and placozoans—fauna bodies are differentiated into tissues.[20] These include muscles, which enable locomotion, and nerve tissues, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, in that location is also an internal digestive chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or 2 openings (in most bilaterians).[21]

Reproduction and development

Nearly all animals make employ of some form of sexual reproduction.[22] They produce haploid gametes by meiosis; the smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, not-motile gametes are ova.[23] These fuse to form zygotes,[24] which develop via mitosis into a hollow sphere, chosen a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, adhere to the seabed, and develop into a new sponge.[25] In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement.[26] Information technology first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber and two separate germ layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm.[27] In most cases, a third germ layer, the mesoderm, as well develops betwixt them.[28] These germ layers and so differentiate to form tissues and organs.[29]

Repeated instances of mating with a close relative during sexual reproduction generally leads to inbreeding low within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful recessive traits.[30] [31] Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding.[32]

Some animals are capable of asexual reproduction, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take identify through fragmentation; budding, such as in Hydra and other cnidarians; or parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, such as in aphids.[33] [34]

Ecology

Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on how they obtain or consume organic material, including carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, detritivores,[35] and parasites.[36] Interactions between animals form complex food webs. In carnivorous or omnivorous species, predation is a consumer–resource interaction where a predator feeds on another organism (called its casualty).[37] Selective pressures imposed on 1 some other atomic number 82 to an evolutionary arms race between predator and prey, resulting in various anti-predator adaptations.[38] [39] Almost all multicellular predators are animals.[40] Some consumers use multiple methods; for example, in parasitoid wasps, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process,[41] but the adults primarily eat nectar from flowers.[42] Other animals may take very specific feeding behaviours, such equally hawksbill bounding main turtles primarily eating sponges.[43]

Most animals rely on the biomass and free energy produced by plants through photosynthesis. Herbivores eat found textile directly, while carnivores, and other animals on higher trophic levels typically larn it indirectly by eating other animals. Animals oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other biomolecules, which allows the animal to abound and to sustain biological processes such as locomotion.[44] [45] [46] Animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on the dark sea flooring swallow organic matter of archaea and leaner produced in these locations through chemosynthesis (by oxidizing inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide).[47]

Animals originally evolved in the bounding main. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time every bit country plants, probably betwixt 510 and 471 one thousand thousand years ago during the Tardily Cambrian or Early Ordovician.[48] Vertebrates such as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalik started to move on to state in the late Devonian, almost 375 meg years ago.[49] [50] Animals occupy about all of earth'south habitats and microhabitats, including common salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of animals, plants, fungi and rocks.[51] Animals are still not particularly heat tolerant; very few of them can survive at abiding temperatures in a higher place 50 °C (122 °F).[52] Only very few species of animals (mostly nematodes) inhabit the most extreme common cold deserts of continental Antarctica.[53]

Diversity

The blue whale is the largest animate being that has ever lived.

Size

The bluish whale (Balaenoptera muscle) is the largest animal that has e'er lived, weighing upward to 190 tonnes and measuring upwardly to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long.[54] [55] [56] The largest extant terrestrial animate being is the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), weighing upwards to 12.25 tonnes[54] and measuring upward to ten.67 metres (35.0 ft) long.[54] The largest terrestrial animals that always lived were titanosaur sauropod dinosaurs such as Argentinosaurus, which may take weighed as much every bit 73 tonnes.[57] Several animals are microscopic; some Myxozoa (obligate parasites within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20 µm,[58] and one of the smallest species (Myxobolus shekel) is no more than eight.5 µm when fully grown.[59]

Numbers and habitats

The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the animal groups with the largest numbers of species,[60] along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh h2o,[61] and marine),[62] and gratuitous-living or parasitic means of life.[63] Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much larger estimates take been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For example, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 1000000; and 100 one thousand thousand.[64] Using patterns within the taxonomic hierarchy, the full number of animal species—including those not still described—was calculated to exist about vii.77 meg in 2011.[65] [66] [a]

Phylum Case No. of
Species 		Land Body of water Fresh
water 		Gratis-
living 		Parasitic
Arthropods wasp one,257,000[60] i,000,000
(insects)[68] 		>40,000
(Malac-
ostraca)[69] 		94,000[61] Yes[62] >45,000[b] [63]
Molluscs snail 85,000[60]
107,000[lxx]
35,000[lxx]
60,000[70] 		5,000[61]
12,000[70] 		Yes[62] >v,600[63]
Chordates green spotted frog facing right >seventy,000[threescore] [71]
23,000[72]
13,000[72] 		18,000[61]
9,000[72] 		Yeah xl
(catfish)[73] [63]
Platyhelminthes Pseudoceros dimidiatus.jpg 29,500[60] Yes[74] Yep[62] 1,300[61] Yeah[62]

three,000–6,500[75]

>forty,000[63]

4,000–25,000[75]

Nematodes CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 25,000[60] Aye (soil)[62] 4,000[64] 2,000[61] xi,000[64] 14,000[64]
Annelids Nerr0328.jpg 17,000[lx] Yep (soil)[62] Yeah[62] one,750[61] Yes 400[63]
Cnidaria Table coral xvi,000[60] Yes[62] Yes (few)[62] Yep[62] >1,350
(Myxozoa)[63]
Sponges A colourful Sponge on the Fathom.jpg 10,800[60] Yes[62] 200–300[61] Yeah Yep[76]
Echinoderms Starfish, Caswell Bay - geograph.org.uk - 409413.jpg 7,500[60] 7,500[sixty] Yeah[62]
Bryozoa Bryozoan at Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique (6654415783).jpg 6,000[threescore] Yeah[62] 60–80[61] Aye
Rotifers 20090730 020239 Rotifer.jpg 2,000[lx] >400[77] two,000[61] Yes

Total number of described extant species as of 2013[update]: 1,525,728[60]

Evolutionary origin

The first fossils that might represent animals appear in the 665-million-yr-old rocks of the Trezona Formation of South Commonwealth of australia. These fossils are interpreted equally almost probably being early sponges.[79]

Animals are found every bit long agone equally the Ediacaran biota, towards the end of the Precambrian, and possibly somewhat before. It had long been doubted whether these life-forms included animals,[80] [81] [82] simply the discovery of the beast lipid cholesterol in fossils of Dickinsonia establishes their nature.[78] Animals are thought to have originated nether low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they were capable of living entirely past anaerobic respiration, but as they became specialized for aerobic metabolism they became fully dependent on oxygen in their environments.[83]

Many animal phyla first appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion, starting almost 539 meg years agone, in beds such as the Burgess shale.[84] Extant phyla in these rocks include molluscs, brachiopods, onychophorans, tardigrades, arthropods, echinoderms and hemichordates, forth with numerous at present-extinct forms such equally the predatory Anomalocaris. The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artefact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously.[85] [86] [87] [88]

Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, perhaps as early as 1 billion years ago.[89] Trace fossils such equally tracks and burrows constitute in the Tonian catamenia may signal the presence of triploblastic worm-like animals, roughly as large (well-nigh v mm broad) and circuitous as earthworms.[90] However, like tracks are produced today by the giant unmarried-celled protist Gromia sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not signal early animal evolution.[91] [92] Around the same fourth dimension, the layered mats of microorganisms called stromatolites decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals.[93]

Phylogeny

Animals are monophyletic, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are sister to the Choanoflagellata, with which they form the Choanozoa.[94] The most basal animals, the Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Placozoa, have body plans that lack bilateral symmetry. Their relationships are withal disputed; the sister group to all other animals could be the Porifera or the Ctenophora,[95] both of which lack hox genes, important in body plan development.[96]

These genes are plant in the Placozoa[97] [98] and the college animals, the Bilateria.[99] [100] 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may accept arisen from a unmarried common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian. 25 of these are novel core gene groups, plant only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the Wnt and TGF-beta signalling pathways which may accept enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body's organisation of axes (in three dimensions), and another 7 are for transcription factors including homeodomain proteins involved in the control of development.[101] [102]

The phylogenetic tree (of major lineages only) indicates approximately how many millions of years ago (mya) the lineages split.[103] [104] [105] [106] [107]

Non-bilateria

Non-bilaterians include sponges (eye) and corals (background).

Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) probably diverged first, representing the oldest fauna phylum.[108] Sponges lack the complex organization institute in almost other animal phyla;[109] their cells are differentiated, but in about cases not organised into distinct tissues.[110] They typically feed past drawing in water through pores.[111]

The Ctenophora (rummage jellies) and Cnidaria (which includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals) are radially symmetric and take digestive chambers with a unmarried opening, which serves as both mouth and anus.[112] Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, simply these are not organised into organs.[113] They are diploblastic, having only 2 main germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.[114] The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.[115] [116]

Bilateria

Idealised bilaterian body programme.[c] With an elongated trunk and a management of movement the beast has head and tail ends. Sense organs and oral fissure class the footing of the head. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable peristaltic move.

The remaining animals, the slap-up majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a meg species—grade a clade, the Bilateria. The trunk is triploblastic, with 3 well-developed germ layers, and their tissues form singled-out organs. The digestive sleeping accommodation has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and at that place is an internal body cavity, a coelom or pseudocoelom. Animals with this bilaterally symmetric trunk plan and a tendency to move in ane management have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior) as well as a back (dorsal) and a abdomen (ventral); therefore they also have a left side and a right side.[117] [118]

Having a front ways that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring cephalisation, the development of a head with sense organs and a mouth. Many bilaterians have a combination of round muscles that constrict the torso, making information technology longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the trunk;[118] these enable soft-bodied animals with a hydrostatic skeleton to movement by peristalsis.[119] They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary larvae which swim with cilia and take an apical organ containing sensory cells. Nevertheless, there are exceptions to each of these characteristics; for example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (different their larvae), while some parasitic worms accept extremely simplified body structures.[117] [118]

Genetic studies have considerably inverse zoologists' understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Well-nigh appear to belong to two major lineages, the protostomes and the deuterostomes.[120] The basalmost bilaterians are the Xenacoelomorpha.[121] [122] [123]

Protostomes and deuterostomes

The bilaterian gut develops in two ways. In many protostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth, while in deuterostomes it becomes the anus.

Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several means. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during prison cell partitioning, while many protostomes (the Spiralia) undergo spiral cleavage.[124] Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, simply in protostomes the first opening of the embryonic gut develops into the oral cavity, and the anus forms secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily.[125] [126] Most protostomes have schizocoelous development, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by enterocoelic pouching, through invagination of the endoderm.[127]

The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata.[128] Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.[129] The chordates are dominated by the vertebrates (animals with backbones),[130] which consist of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.[131] The deuterostomes also include the Hemichordata (acorn worms).[132] [133]

Ecdysozoa

The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by moulting.[134] They include the largest brute phylum, the Arthropoda, which contains insects, spiders, venereal, and their kin. All of these have a trunk divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans likewise include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the 2nd largest creature phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water;[135] some are important parasites.[136] Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups accept a reduced coelom, chosen a pseudocoelom.[137]

Spiralia

The Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo.[138] The Spiralia's phylogeny has been disputed, simply information technology contains a large clade, the superphylum Lophotrochozoa, and smaller groups of phyla such equally the Rouphozoa which includes the gastrotrichs and the flatworms. All of these are grouped as the Platytrochozoa, which has a sis group, the Gnathifera, which includes the rotifers.[139] [140]

The Lophotrochozoa includes the molluscs, annelids, brachiopods, nemerteans, bryozoa and entoprocts.[139] [141] [142] The molluscs, the 2d-largest brute phylum by number of described species, includes snails, clams, and squids, while the annelids are the segmented worms, such equally earthworms, lugworms, and leeches. These two groups accept long been considered close relatives considering they share trochophore larvae.[143] [144]

History of classification

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck led the creation of a modernistic classification of invertebrates, breaking upwards Linnaeus'due south "Vermes" into 9 phyla past 1809.[145]

In the classical era, Aristotle divided animals,[d] based on his ain observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then arranged on a scale from man (with blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-begetting tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul) and other groups such equally crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) downwardly to spontaneously generating creatures like sponges (no claret, no legs, vegetable soul). Aristotle was uncertain whether sponges were animals, which in his system ought to take sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense affect, and would contract if about to exist pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.[146]

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical nomenclature in his Systema Naturae.[147] In his original scheme, the animals were i of iii kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last 4 have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the Chordata, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, who chosen the Vermes une espèce de chaos (a chaotic mess)[eastward] and dissever the group into three new phyla: worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his Philosophie Zoologique, Lamarck had created 9 phyla autonomously from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely cirripedes, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms, radiates, polyps, and infusorians.[145]

In his 1817 Le Règne Animal, Georges Cuvier used comparative anatomy to group the animals into four embranchements ("branches" with different body plans, roughly respective to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and zoophytes (radiata) (echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms).[149] This division into four was followed by the embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer in 1828, the zoologist Louis Agassiz in 1857, and the comparative anatomist Richard Owen in 1860.[150]

In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into ii subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla: coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and Protozoa (unmarried-celled animals), including a sixth brute phylum, sponges.[151] [150] The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom Protista, leaving only the Metazoa equally a synonym of Animalia.[152]

In human civilization

Applied uses

The human population exploits a big number of other animal species for food, both of domesticated livestock species in fauna husbandry and, mainly at bounding main, past hunting wild species.[153] [154] Marine fish of many species are caught commercially for food. A smaller number of species are farmed commercially.[153] [155] [156] Humans and their livestock make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost equally much as all insects combined.[157]

Invertebrates including cephalopods, crustaceans, and bivalve or gastropod molluscs are hunted or farmed for nutrient.[158] Chickens, cattle, sheep, pigs, and other animals are raised equally livestock for meat beyond the world.[154] [159] [160] Beast fibres such as wool are used to make textiles, while beast sinews have been used as lashings and bindings, and leather is widely used to brand shoes and other items. Animals have been hunted and farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats.[161] Dyestuffs including red (cochineal),[162] [163] shellac,[164] [165] and kermes[166] [167] take been fabricated from the bodies of insects. Working animals including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of agriculture.[168]

Animals such every bit the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serve a major role in scientific discipline every bit experimental models.[169] [170] [171] [172] Animals have been used to create vaccines since their discovery in the 18th century.[173] Some medicines such every bit the cancer drug Yondelis are based on toxins or other molecules of beast origin.[174]

A gun canis familiaris retrieving a duck during a chase

People have used hunting dogs to help chase down and retrieve animals,[175] and birds of prey to catch birds and mammals,[176] while tethered cormorants have been used to grab fish.[177] Poison dart frogs accept been used to poison the tips of blowpipe darts.[178] [179] A wide variety of animals are kept equally pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas and octopuses, insects including praying mantises,[180] reptiles such as snakes and chameleons,[181] and birds including canaries, parakeets, and parrots[182] all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely dogs, cats, and rabbits.[183] [184] [185] There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their beingness as individuals with rights of their ain.[186] A wide diversity of terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted for sport.[187]

Symbolic uses

Animals have been the subjects of art from the primeval times, both historical, every bit in Aboriginal Arab republic of egypt, and prehistoric, as in the cave paintings at Lascaux. Major creature paintings include Albrecht Dürer's 1515 The Rhinoceros, and George Stubbs's c. 1762 horse portrait Whistlejacket.[188] Insects, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film,[189] such every bit in giant bug movies.[190] [191] [192]

Animals including insects[193] and mammals[194] feature in mythology and religion. In both Japan and Europe, a butterfly was seen as the personification of a person's soul,[193] [195] [196] while the scarab beetle was sacred in ancient Egypt.[197] Among the mammals, cattle,[198] deer,[194] horses,[199] lions,[200] bats,[201] bears,[202] and wolves[203] are the subjects of myths and worship. The signs of the Western and Chinese zodiacs are based on animals.[204] [205]

See also

  • Animal attacks
  • Animal coloration
  • Ethology
  • Fauna
  • List of brute names
  • Lists of organisms by population

Notes

  1. ^ The application of DNA barcoding to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a full count of nearly 100,000 insect species for Canada lonely, and extrapolated that the global insect creature must exist in excess of 10 million species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single wing family known equally gall midges (Cecidomyiidae).[67]
  2. ^ Not including parasitoids.[63]
  3. ^ Compare File:Annelid redone w white background.svg for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this general trunk plan.
  4. ^ In his History of Animals and Parts of Animals.
  5. ^ The prefix une espèce de is pejorative.[148]

References

  1. ^ Cresswell, Julia (2010). The Oxford Dictionary of Give-and-take Origins (2d ed.). New York: Oxford Academy Printing. ISBN978-0-19-954793-7. 'having the breath of life', from anima 'air, breath, life'.
  2. ^ "Animal". The American Heritage Dictionary (fourth ed.). Houghton Mifflin. 2006.
  3. ^ "brute". English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  4. ^ Boly, Melanie; Seth, Anil K.; Wilke, Melanie; Ingmundson, Paul; Baars, Bernard; Laureys, Steven; Edelman, David; Tsuchiya, Naotsugu (2013). "Consciousness in humans and not-human animals: recent advances and futurity directions". Frontiers in Psychology. four: 625. doi:ten.3389/fpsyg.2013.00625. PMC3814086. PMID 24198791.
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  6. ^ "Nonhuman definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  7. ^ Avila, Vernon Fifty. (1995). Biological science: Investigating Life on Earth. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 767–. ISBN978-0-86720-942-half dozen.
  8. ^ a b "Palaeos:Metazoa". Palaeos. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
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  10. ^ Bergman, Jennifer. "Heterotrophs". Archived from the original on 29 Baronial 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
  11. ^ Douglas, Angela E.; Raven, John A. (January 2003). "Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 358 (1429): 5–17. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1188. PMC1693093. PMID 12594915.
  12. ^ Andrew, Scottie (26 Feb 2020). "Scientists discovered the first animal that doesn't need oxygen to live. It's irresolute the definition of what an animal can be". CNN. Archived from the original on ten Jan 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
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External links

  • Tree of Life Project
  • Animal Diversity Web – University of Michigan'due south database of animals
  • ARKive – multimedia database of endangered/protected species

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal

Posted by: walstoncoulut.blogspot.com

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